Abstract: ABSTRACT: The Second Council of Ephesus held in 449 was dubbed ?conciliabulum? or ?latrocinium?, a designation used by Pope Leo I, due to the violent attack suffered by some of the bishops who participated. For this reason, the Acts of the Council were explicitly repudiated only two years later by the Council of Chalcedon. It is, however, paradoxical that the preceding council held in Ephesus in 431 was witness to even more violence but this is not recognized by the Church, which simply identifies it as the Third Ecumenical Council. The aim of this paper is to study the different forms of violence taking place in both councils, in order to identify both main protagonists and victims, and to explain the motivations that may have determined the acknowledgment of one as ecumenical but not the other. Special attention will be paid to the context of the power struggles between the sees of the Church of the East (Alexandria, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Rome) during the first half of the fifth century.

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