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Toenail zinc as a biomarker: relationship with sources of environmental exposure and with genetic variability in MCC-Spain study

Abstract: Background Toenails are commonly used as biomarkers of exposure to zinc (Zn), but there is scarce information about their relationship with sources of exposure to Zn. Objectives To investigate the main determinants of toenail Zn, including selected sources of environmental exposure to Zn and individual genetic variability in Zn metabolism. Methods We determined toenail Zn by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in 3,448 general population controls from the MultiCase-Control study MCC-Spain. We assessed dietary and supplement Zn intake using food frequency questionnaires, residential proximity to Zn-emitting industries and residential topsoil Zn levels through interpolation methods. We constructed a polygenic score of genetic variability based on 81 single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in Zn metabolism. Geometric mean ratios of toenail Zn across categories of each determinant were estimated from multivariate linear regression models on log-transformed toenail Zn. Results Geometric mean toenail Zn was 104.1 µg/g in men and 100.3 µg/g in women. Geometric mean toenail Zn levels were 7 % lower (95 % confidence interval 1?13 %) in men older than 69 years and those in the upper tertile of fibre intake, and 9 % higher (3?16 %) in smoking men. Women residing within 3 km from Zn-emitting industries had 4 % higher geometric mean toenail Zn levels (0?9 %). Dietary Zn intake and polygenic score were unrelated to toenail Zn. Overall, the available determinants only explained 9.3 % of toenail Zn variability in men and 4.8 % in women. Discussion Sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, diet, and environmental exposure explained little of the individual variability of toenail Zn in the study population. The available genetic variants related to Zn metabolism were not associated with toenail Zn.

 Fuente: Environment International Volume 169, November 2022, 107525

 Editorial: Elsevier

 Año de publicación: 2022

 Nº de páginas: 15

 Tipo de publicación: Artículo de Revista

 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107525

 ISSN: 0160-4120,1873-6750

 Url de la publicación: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107525

Autoría

GUTIÉRREZ-GONZÁLEZ, ENRIQUE

FERNÁNDEZ-NAVARRO, PABLO

PASTOR-BARRIUSO, ROBERTO

GARCÍA-PÉREZ, JAVIER

CASTAÑO-VINYALS, GEMMA

MARTÍN-SÁNCHEZ, VICENTE

AMIANO, PILAR

GUEVARA, MARCELA

FERNÁNDEZ TARDÓN, GUILLERMO

SALCEDO-BELLIDO, INMACULADA

MORENO, VÍCTOR

PINTO CARBÓ, MARINA

ALGUACIL, JUAN

MARCOS-GRAGERA, RAFAEL

GÓMEZ GÓMEZ, JESÚS HUMBERTO

GÓMEZ ARIZA, JOSÉ LUIS

GARCÍA BARRERA, TAMARA

VAREA JIMÉNEZ, ELENA