Abstract: Background: Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most frequent tumor in men worldwide; however, its etiology remains largely unknown, with the exception of age and family history. The wide variability in incidence/mortality across countries suggests a certain role for environmental exposures that has not yet been clarified. Objective: To evaluate the association between risk of PC (by clinical profile) and residential proximity to pollutant industrial installations (by industrial groups, groups of carcinogens, and specific pollutants released), within the context of a Spanish population-based multicase-control study of incident cancer (MCC-Spain). Methods: This study included 1186 controls and 234 PC cases, frequency matched by age and province of residence. Distances from participants' residences to the 58 industries located in the study area were calculated and categorized into ?near? (considering different limits between ?1 km and ? 3 km) or ?far? (>3 km). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated using mixed and multinomial logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders and matching variables. Results: No excess risk was detected near the overall industries, with ORs ranging from 0.66 (?2 km) to 1.11 (?1 km). However, positive associations (OR; 95%CI) were found, by industrial group, near (?3 km) industries of ceramic (2.54; 1.28?5.07), food/beverage (2.18; 1.32?3.62), and disposal/recycling of animal waste (2.67; 1.12?6.37); and, by specific pollutant, near plants releasing fluorine (4.65; 1.45?14.91 at ?1.5 km) and chlorine (5.21; 1.56?17.35 at ?1 km). In contrast, inverse associations were detected near industries releasing ammonia, methane, dioxins+furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, trichloroethylene, and vanadium to air. Conclusions: The results suggest no association between risk of PC and proximity to the overall industrial installations. However, some both positive and inverse associations were detected near certain industrial groups and industries emitting specific pollutants.

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