Abstract: Background Informal caregivers play a vital role in supporting older adults with chronic illnesses and disabilities. However, this care provision often comes at a significant personal cost. This study investigates how individual and contextual factors affect the mental health of informal caregivers in Europe, using a multilevel approach. Methods Data from waves 8 and 9 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were used to estimate multilevel logistic regression models on the probability of reporting depressive symptoms. The model accounted for individual (age, gender, income, self-perceived health, social network satisfaction, caregiving situation) and contextual (country and survey year) characteristics. Results Female caregivers (OR: 1.90), those with lower income (OR: 0.93), and poor self-perceived health (OR: 3.49) showed significantly higher odds of depression (p?

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