Abstract: The imminent introduction of autonomous vehicles (AVs) represents a significant revolution in transportation, offering unique opportunities to enhance the sustainability and efficiency of urban transport systems. This study uniquely combines qualitative focus groups with European school students and quantitative activity-based simulation models to compare teenagers' reactions to AVs. Focus groups gathered insights into their current mobility habits and perceptions of AVs. The simulation model then evaluated the potential impacts of AVs, specifically robotaxis and autonomous shuttles, on teenagers' travel behaviour in Santander, Spain. The results reveal a strong interest in AVs among teenagers, particularly for the independence and flexibility they offer. However, practical considerations such as cost, availability, and parental preferences continue to influence their mobility choices. The simulation results indicate a significant shift towards robotaxis, reducing walking and public transport usage. Gender-specific preferences were also noted, with girls being more likely to use robotaxis. The findings underscore the need for policies that balance AV usage with active modes and public transport, address safety concerns, and ensure equitable access to AVs. The study highlights the benefits and challenges of integrating AVs into teenagers' lives, offering insights for policymakers and technologists. Further research is needed to validate these findings through real-world trials and to explore the long-term impacts of AVs on teenagers' mobility, physical activity, and social interactions.
