Abstract: Scaling up CO2 electroreduction to formate requires optimizing electrode design and reactor configuration. Gas diffusion electrodes and membrane electrode assemblies enable high CO2 transport and production rates, but long-term stability remains challenging. Flow cells offer better scalability than H-type cells, supporting continuous operation and improved mass transfer. In large systems, uniform CO2 distribution and pressure balance are critical to prevent performance losses. Strategies like stacked cell designs to increase electrolyzer surface area must also be considered. Addressing electrode durability and reactor engineering challenges is essential for advancing industrial implementation of CO2 electroreduction to formate.

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