Abstract: Non autochthonous population is the most numerous group in the Basque Country. This group is named ?Residents? to distinguish them from the ?Autochthonous Basque? population. In this work, the 17 Y-STR loci distribution of Resident population was studied in a sample of 197 individuals, who were concretely genotyped for DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385, DYS439, DYS438, DYS437, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635 and Y GATA H4. Resident population showed a high haplotype diversity and discrimination capacity. The distribution of Y-STRs haplotypes of the Resident population was statistically significant different to the one of the Autochthonous Basque population. The genetic substructure found between Resident and Autochthonous Basque 17 Y-STR haplotype distributions advises for the use of two different databases in the Basque Country, to ensure the most trustworthy frequency estimate in casework.

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