Abstract: Background: Preventing relapse during the first years of illness has a critical impact on lifelong outcomes
in schizophrenia. A better understanding and improvement in factors which influence relapse should
diminish the risk of relapse and consequently improve the outcome of the illness.
Objective: To identify factors associated with relapse after 3 years of a first episode in a sample of nonaffective psychosis patients who are representative of clinical practice in an epidemiological catchment.
Method: We analyzed socio-demographic and clinical data from a cohort of patients who were treated in
a specialized early intervention service and who were at risk of relapse during a 3-year follow-up.
Univariate analyses, logistic regression and survival analyses were performed. The analyzed variables
included gender, age at onset, duration of untreated psychosis, clinical severity at baseline, insight at
baseline, premorbid functioning, substance use, family history of psychosis and adherence to medication.
Results: Of the 140 patients considered to be at risk for relapse, 91 (65%) individuals relapsed at least once
over the three-year period. The relapse rates at 1 year and 2 years were 20.7% and 40.7%, respectively.
Adherence to medication was the only significant predictor of relapse after a three-year follow-up
[hazard ratio (HR) 4.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9e7.7; p < 0.001]. Comparison of the mean time of
relapse between adherent and non-adherent patients also revealed statistically significant differences
(933 and 568 days, respectively). 50% of patients will relapse despite being categorized as treatment
adherents.
Conclusion: Non-adherence to medication is the biggest predictive factor of relapse after a first episode of
psychosis.